Six years on from the nationwide protests in October 2019, referred to as Tishreen, Iraqi authorities continue to persecute activists and protestors while failing to deliver meaningful justice and accountability for the killings of hundreds and the maiming of thousands of protesters by security forces and militias or to reveal the fate and whereabouts of those disappeared, Amnesty International said today.
Young people involved in the Tishreen protests were killed, injured and forcibly disappeared by security forces or militias simply for speaking out. Consecutive governments have announced numerous investigative committees to look into these crimes during Tishreen and its aftermath but to date no results have been made public. While at least 2700 criminal cases have been filed, few individuals have been brought to trial, and next to no justice has been delivered, with many sentences overturned.
Six years on it is high time for the Iraqi authorities to break the vicious cycle of impunity.
Razaw Salihy, Amnesty International
Today, entrenched impunity for abuses during the protests has been compounded by an escalating crackdown on civic space, as freedom of expression and peaceful assembly are further curtailed. Since 2019, young people involved in the protests have endured exile, disability, job losses, and relentless repression.
Militias and security forces have launched what many describe as a “revenge campaign” against activists, forcing scores into hiding, exile, or prison. Authorities continue to raid activists’ homes without warrants, frequently using violence and harassing family members. At the same time, attacks on freedom of expression are worsening with dozens of arrests made this year as part of the Ministry of Interior’s “indecent content” crackdown.
“It is abominable that six years after the Tishreen protests, Iraqi authorities remain busy hounding and intimidating activists and their families, while those behind the horrific killings, assassinations, and enforced disappearances remain at large. This obliterates prospects for justice, truth, and reparations for crimes under international law committed by security forces and affiliated militias during and after the protests,” said Razaw Salihy, Iraq Researcher at Amnesty International.
“Freedom of expression is under attack from all sides. Activists and protesters risk their lives and their families by speaking out. The authorities must meet the demands they have long promised: justice and an end to the hounding and killing of Iraqis demanding their basic rights.”
‘It was like they were here to arrest a terrorist’
Several Activists in hiding as a result of arrest warrants issued in their home cities told Amnesty International that security forces had repeatedly raided their family homes and harassed their relatives to pressure them out of hiding.
Amnesty International is aware of at least one case where an activist who was in hiding returned to his hometown in the hopes that it would alleviate or stop the frequent raids by the security forces on his family home. He was then sentenced to six months on trumped-up charges accusing him of violence during protests, only to be acquitted later after securing a deal through tribal connections, which in effect required paying a bribe.
A number of activists from Baghdad, Nasiriya, and other governorates who took part in protests and have been driven into hiding outside their home cities said that they feared being sent to other parts of Iraq where charges have been brought against them/or others who participated in protests.
In one case, 25-year-old activist Yassin Majed Shehab was arrested on 25 September 2025 after briefly coming out of hiding to visit his ill parents in Baghdad. He had been a protester during Tishreen and had since taken part in many protests calling for justice for those killed and forcibly disappeared, as well as criticizing authorities on social media.
His family told Amnesty International:
“He arrived at about 8pm on Wednesday [24 Sept]. At about 3am [25 Sept] a huge force arrived—local police, intelligence, and security forces. It was like they came to arrest a terrorist. Armed men kicked the door in before the women could cover up. Yassin’s pregnant sister was struck in the head when she tried to shield him. They beat Yassin, dragged him out, and threatened to detain more family members if we asked questions. They were waving their weapons and showed no arrest warrant. They said they were taking him to the intelligence directorate. We went to ask next day but they told us he was not there.”
Arrests in Nasiriya: ‘It is revenge for Tishreen’
In Nasiriya, in Thi Qar governorate, south Iraq, activists and their families face relentless reprisals, including home raids, harassment, and arrests under “dormant” warrants, some carrying charges punishable by death. The campaign intensified after the appointment of a new police chief in October 2024.
A local NGO director described what happened in Nasiriya as “a campaign of revenge”, adding that the new police chief immediately announced plans to enforce 400 “dormant” or outstanding arrest warrants that activists believed had been dropped in 2020.
Amnesty International spoke to several activists from Nasiriya who have been in hiding due to outstanding arrest warrants issued against them in 2020 for participation in protests in Nasiriya.
One activist in hiding told Amnesty International that security forces attacked his family home in December 2020: “They brought Saraya al-Salam members [a faction of the Popular Mobilization Units] with them and had no arrest warrant or even gave a reason for the arrest. Those are the same arrest warrants they are hunting us with now [that had not been shown at the time]. It is revenge for Tishreen. We wanted change, not political power. We wanted a better Iraq and the rule of law… They [militias] kill, terrorize and disappear people, but it is us who are accused of destabilizing Iraq.”
In one case, on 8 March 2025, security forces arrested an activist in Nasiriya. On 13 April, he was sentenced to 15 years under the Penal Code for the alleged killing of a protester in 2020. According to his family and activists who spoke to Amnesty International, the charges were fabricated, with witness statements coerced under torture. They said he was arrested because of his role in organizing protests, including the Tishreen protests, since 2019.
Another activist said: “They tortured him until he confessed. When he retracted, he was freed. But then his accusers appealed, and now he is serving 15 years.”
Amnesty International has not accessed and assessed the relevant court documents relating to this case.
In the same month, security forces raided the family’s home once more with live ammunition and smoke grenades, attempting to arrest the activist’s younger brother but detaining his father instead. He was released days later, reporting severe beatings during interrogation about his son’s whereabouts. Amnesty International reviewed photos showing bruises on his abdomen and head.
Amnesty International reviewed an arrest warrant for the younger brother dated 1 January 2025, issued by the Thi Qar Court of Appeal’s Judicial Authority, charging the activist with “willfully contributing” to damaging significant public or state-owned property with the intent to overthrow the constitutional regime under article 197(4) of the Penal Code – an offense that can carry the death penalty.
The activist, who is still in hiding, said: “My entire family in Nasiriya is in danger. My sister has to be escorted from and to university because we keep receiving threats. We are worried she will be kidnapped, hurt or even raped. My father has been harassed and intimidated at his work. I am still in hiding, and they [militias] are watching us. All of this is because my family and I refuse to be bought. Because I spoke up and took part in protests.”
“Six years on it is high time for the Iraqi authorities to break the vicious cycle of impunity. They must end their clampdown on free expression and peaceful assembly, and make public the results of the investigation they say they have carried out into violations committed in the context of Tishreen and its aftermath,” said Razaw Salihy.
Background
In recent years, Iraqi authorities have further restricted civic space. The Ministry of Interior has carried out dozens of arrests of social media content creators in the name of “indecent content”, and courts have sentenced tens of content creators to pay fines or serve prison terms under varying articles of the Penal Code, although it remains unclear what type of “content” is considered indecent. Parliament has also attempted to pass restrictive laws on freedom of expression, peaceful protest, and NGO activity.
Krasheninnikov (Kamchatka, Russia): The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) and Laboratory for Seismic and Volcanic Activity Research (ISVA) reported that the eruption continued at Krasheninnikov on 29 September 2025 (local). The aviation alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); Laboratory for Seismic and Volcanic Activity Research (ISVA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: unavailable or not collected
Karymsky (Kamchatka): The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) and Laboratory for Seismic and Volcanic Activity Research (ISVA) reported that the eruption continued at Karymsky on 29 September 2025 (local). The aviation alert level remained at „Yellow“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); Laboratory for Seismic and Volcanic Activity Research (ISVA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: unavailable or not collected
Shiveluch (Kamchatka): The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) and Laboratory for Seismic and Volcanic Activity Research (ISVA) reported that the eruption continued at Sheveluch on 29 September 2025 (local). The aviation alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); Laboratory for Seismic and Volcanic Activity Research (ISVA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: unavailable or not collected
Bezymianny (Kamchatka): The Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) and Laboratory for Seismic and Volcanic Activity Research (ISVA) reported that the eruption continued at Bezymianny on 29 September 2025 (local). The aviation alert level remained at „Yellow“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT); Laboratory for Seismic and Volcanic Activity Research (ISVA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: unavailable or not collected
Asama (Honshu): The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that unrest continued at Asamayama between 26 September 2025 (local) and 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Restriction on proximity to the crater“ (on a 5-level scale). Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Restriction on proximity to the crater“ (on a 5-level scale)
Akan (Hokkaido): The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that unrest continued at Akan on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Restriction on proximity to the crater“ (on a 5-level scale). Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Restriction on proximity to the crater“ (on a 5-level scale)
Kirishima (Kyushu): The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that the eruption continued at Kirishimayama between 26 September 2025 (local) and 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 3 – Restriction on proximity to the volcano“ (on a 5-level scale). Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Restriction on proximity to the volcano“ (on a 5-level scale)
Kusatsu-Shirane (Honshu): The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that unrest continued at Kusatsu-Shiranesan between 28 September 2025 (local) and 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Restriction on proximity to the crater“ (on a 5-level scale). Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Restriction on proximity to the crater“ (on a 5-level scale)
Sakurajima (Kyushu, Japan): The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that the eruption continued at Aira between 26 September 2025 (local) and 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 3 – Restriction on proximity to the volcano“ (on a 5-level scale). Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Restriction on proximity to the volcano“ (on a 5-level scale)
Suwanose-jima (Ryukyu Islands): The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that the eruption continued at Suwanosejima on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Restriction on proximity to the crater“ (on a 5-level scale). Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Restriction on proximity to the crater“ (on a 5-level scale)
Canlaon (Central Philippines): The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that the eruption continued at Kanlaon on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „2 – Moderate Level of Volcanic Unrest“ (level 2 on a 0–5 level scale). Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „2 – Moderate Level of Volcanic Unrest“ (level 2 on a 0–5 level scale)
Taal (Luzon, Philippines): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Tokyo (VAAC) issued the following report: ERUPTION AT 20250930/1802Z FL070 EXTD SW REPORTED OBS VA DTG:30/1830Z …30 Sep: The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that unrest continued at Taal on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „1 – Low-Level Unrest“ (on a 0–5 level scale). Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „1 – Low-Level Unrest“ (on a 0–5 level scale)
Mayon (Luzon Island, Philippines): The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that unrest continued at Mayon on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „1 – Abnormal“ (on a 0–5 level scale). Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „1 – Abnormal“ (on a 0–5 level scale)
Bulusan (Luzon Island, Philippines): The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that unrest continued at Bulusan on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „1 – Low Level of Volcanic Unrest“ (level 1 on a 0–5 level scale). Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „1 – Low Level of Volcanic Unrest“ (level 1 on a 0–5 level scale)
Telong (northern Sumatra, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Telong, Bur ni on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Karangetang (Siau Island, Sangihe Islands, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Karangetang on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Raung (East Java): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Raung on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Gamalama (Halmahera): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Gamalama on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Slamet (Central Java, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Slamet on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Ibu (Halmahera, Indonesia): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 7000 ft (2100 m) altitude or flight level 070 and is moving at 05 kts in NW direction. The full report is as follows: VA TO FL070 LAST REPORTED AT 30/0907Z MOV NW to 7000 ft (2100 m) …30 Sep: The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Ibu on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Sinabung (Sumatra, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Sinabung on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Dieng (Central Java): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Dieng Volcanic Complex on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Lewotobi (Flores): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Darwin (VAAC) issued the following report: VA LAST REPORTED AT 30/1322Z EST VA DTG:30/1430Z …30 Sep: The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Lewotobi (Laki-Laki) on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level was lowered to „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale) on 29 September 2025 at 1500 by CVGHM/PVMBG due to decreased eruptive activity. Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale)
Soputan (North Sulawesi, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Soputan on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Lewotolo (Lesser Sunda Islands): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 7000 ft (2100 m) altitude or flight level 070 and is moving at 15 kts in NW direction. The full report is as follows: VA PLUME TO FL070 OBS AT 30/1730Z EXTENDING NW to 7000 ft (2100 m) …30 Sep: The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Lewotolok on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale)
Merapi (Central Java, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Merapi on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale)
Bromo (East Java, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Tengger Caldera on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Semeru (East Java, Indonesia): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Darwin (VAAC) issued the following report: VA ERUPTION LAST REPORTED AT 30/1758Z EST VA DTG:30/1800Z …30 Sep: The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Semeru on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Marapi (Western Sumatra, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Marapi on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Dempo (Sumatra): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Dempo on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Dukono (Halmahera): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Dukono on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Ruang (Sangihe Islands, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Ruang on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Awu (Sulawesi & Sangihe Islands): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Awu on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Kerinci (Sumatra): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Kerinci on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Lokon-Empung (North Sulawesi, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Lokon-Empung on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale)
Ruapehu (North Island): (30 Sep) The Crater Lake usually experiences two to three heating and cooling episodes within any 12-month period. During these cycles, the lake temperature typically rises to 30–40 °C before cooling back to 10–15 °C. Since reaching 41 °C in May 2022, there have been five subsequent heating episodes, with each peak—except one—lower than the previous, indicating an overall downward trend in maximum lake temperatures. The most recent cycle began at 10 °C in early July and peaked at only 17 °C in late August before declining again. The lake is currently 13 °C. … [read more] … [show less] Although the three-year trend shows progressive cooling, substantial volumes of volcanic gas continue to be released from the active vent beneath the lake. This demonstrates that an open pathway persists between the magma source and the lake, allowing gas to escape and reducing the likelihood of pressure buildup beneath the crater. We interpret the reduced heating to mean that recent gas and heat pulses entering the lake are becoming shorter in duration and/or smaller in volume, preventing the lake from reaching the previously common 30–40 °C range.
Kilauea (Hawai’i): The United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS-HVO) reported that the eruption continued at Kilauea on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Watch“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Source: United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS-HVO) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Watch“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale)
Shishaldin (Aleutian Islands, Alaska): The United States Geological Survey – Alaska Volcano Observatory (USGS-AVO) reported that unrest continued at Shishaldin between 28 September 2025 (local) and 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Advisory“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Yellow“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). Source: United States Geological Survey – Alaska Volcano Observatory (USGS-AVO) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Advisory“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale)
Great Sitkin (United States, Aleutian Islands): The United States Geological Survey – Alaska Volcano Observatory (USGS-AVO) reported that the eruption continued at Great Sitkin between 28 September 2025 (local) and 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Watch“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Source: United States Geological Survey – Alaska Volcano Observatory (USGS-AVO) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Watch“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale)
Santiaguito (Guatemala): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 14000 ft (4300 m) altitude or flight level 140 . The full report is as follows: NEW VA EMS to 14000 ft (4300 m)
Fuego (Guatemala): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: FRQT VA EMS
Turrialba (Costa Rica): The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that unrest continued at Turrialba on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale). Source: Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale)
Rincón de la Vieja (Costa Rica): The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that unrest continued at Rincón de la Vieja on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Yellow“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). Source: Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale)
Poas (Costa Rica): The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that the eruption continued at Poás on 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Yellow“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). Source: Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale)
Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: VA EMS RPRTD
Sabancaya (Peru): The Centro Vulcanológico Nacional del Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (CENVUL-IGP) reported that the eruption continued at Sabancaya between 28 September 2025 (local) and 29 September 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Source: Centro Vulcanológico Nacional del Instituto GeofÃsico del Perú (CENVUL-IGP) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale)
In response to the plan that the Trump administration has proposed to end the conflict in Gaza, Amnesty International’s Secretary General, Agnès Callamard, said:
“The most urgent priority is to end Israel’s genocide in Gaza and release all civilian hostages. Any initiative aimed at securing a lasting peace must be grounded in international law, uphold the human rights of all people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) and Israel, and be focused on bringing an immediate end to Israel’s unlawful occupation and system of apartheid.
“The immediate first steps must be a permanent ceasefire, unconditional lifting of Israel’s unlawful blockade to allow for the safe and unhindered provision of lifesaving aid, and unconditional release of hostages held by Hamas and other armed groups and detainees unlawfully held by Israel.
“Whether or not the parties to the conflict agree to any peace plan, States must act, and act now, to end the genocide, bring about a ceasefire, secure the release of hostages and allow unhindered access to humanitarian supplies.
The most urgent priority is to end Israel’s genocide in Gaza and release all civilian hostages. Any initiative aimed at securing a lasting peace must be grounded in international law, uphold the human rights of all people in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) and Israel, and be focused on bringing an immediate end to Israel’s unlawful occupation and system of apartheid.
Agnès Callamard, Secretary General
“The provision of humanitarian aid and the end of Israel’s genocide in Gaza cannot be made contingent, as this plan provides, on whether or not Hamas accepts the proposal. Over 65,000 Palestinians have been confirmed killed; hundreds of thousands injured, and Palestinians in Gaza continue to reel under the horrific impact of ongoing displacement, destruction and starvation for almost two years. This catastrophe, engineered by Israel and enabled by US-backing, must finally end, whether or not there is a deal.
“Similarly, the release of civilian hostages and of arbitrarily detained Palestinians should be unconditional. Israel and Hamas both must stop the unlawful practice of withholding the bodies of the dead from relatives.
“It is vital that any agreement leads to justice for the victims of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity. Experience the world over, including in Israel and the OPT, has demonstrated that impunity breeds conflict and further atrocities. All states must uphold their obligations under international law to hold those responsible for crimes under international law accountable.
“Justice and peace cannot be mutually exclusive. Apartheid and occupation are among the root causes of the horrors Palestinians are facing and any plan that does not acknowledge this reality effectively prewrites the recipe for more abuses.”
In September 2024, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution demanding that Israel, in line with the International Court of Justice’s Advisory Opinion of July 2024, withdraw from the OPT, including East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza within a year. Any peace plan should build on, and allow for, the implementation of the resolution. It should not include provisions which may nullify the resolution or render its full implementation impossible.
The absolute rejection of all forced displacement of Palestinians from Gaza is crucial, but must be extended to the entire OPT and to forcible transfer within the OPT. Should Israel wish to have a security perimeter, it must not use the OPT to do so. Moreover, Israel must not retain a stranglehold over who can and cannot return to the OPT.
In addition, any ultimate agreement must ensure that Palestinians fully and meaningfully participate in all decisions involving the future of the OPT, its governance and the exercise of their rights, including the right to return.
Amnesty International notes with alarm that President Trump is stating that Israel would have his administration’s “full backing” to destroy Hamas should it not accept this plan, given that Israel has used the purported rationale of destroying Hamas as justification for its genocide in Gaza. Genocide cannot and must not be the means for waging war. Should Hamas reject this proposal, Israel and the United States remain bound by international law, as does Hamas, and must not engage in acts that target civilians or withhold life-sustaining aid from the civilian population.
Amnesty International calls on all states to focus on implementing their obligations under international law. Governments should also end their self-imposed inertia and their active or tacit support for Israeli violations of international law. They must commit to halting any forms of cooperation, including arms transfers or economic cooperation, that may contribute to or sustain Israel’s unlawful occupation, its system of apartheid or the genocide in Gaza.
