Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 7000 ft (2100 m) altitude or flight level 070 . The full report is as follows:
FVAU03 at 01:55 UTC, 19/12/25 from ADRM VA ADVISORY DTG: 20251219/0200Z VAAC: DARWIN VOLCANO: DUKONO 268010 PSN: N0142 E12754 AREA: INDONESIA SOURCE ELEV: 1229M AMSL ADVISORY NR: 2025/1059 INFO SOURCE: HIMAWARI-9 ERUPTION DETAILS: VA OBS TO FL070 MOV NE AT 19/0100Z OBS VA DTG: 19/0140Z OBS VA CLD: SFC/FL070 N0140 E12752 – N0141 E12750 – N0151 E12751 – N0152 E12803 – N0141 E12807 MOV NE 05KT FCST VA CLD +6 HR: 19/0740Z SFC/FL070 N0139 E12752 – N0142 E12750 – N0151 E12751 – N0151 E12804 – N0141 E12808 FCST VA CLD +12 HR: 19/1340Z SFC/FL070 N0139 E12753 – N0141 E12750 – N0152 E12751 – N0152 E12803 – N0144 E12806 FCST VA CLD +18 HR: 19/1940Z SFC/FL070 N0139 E12754 – N0140 E12749 – N0153 E12749 – N0153 E12802 – N0143 E12806 RMK: VA PARTIALLY IDENTIFIABLE ON LATEST SATELLITE IMAGERY EXTENDING NE OF SUMMIT. VA HEIGHT AND FORECAST BASED ON LATEST HIMAWARI-9 SATELLITE IMAGERY AND MODEL GUIDANCE. NXT ADVISORY: NO LATER THAN 20251219/0800Z=
RMK: VA NOT DETECTED ON STLT DUE TO WX CLDS IN SUMMIT AREA. HOTSPOT ON SWIR SO VA EMS LIKELY CONTINUE. MDL WINDS AT FL FCST TO BACK OVR NXT 12 HR BECMG MORE FM THE N. …KONON
Content warning: The following text contains descriptions and images depicting violence, death, police brutality, and police killings. Reader discretion is advised.
Tanzanian security forces used unnecessary or disproportionate force, including lethal force, to suppress election protests between 29 October and 3 November 2025, showing a shocking disregard for the right to life and for freedom of peaceful assembly as hundreds of people were reported killed or injured across the country, Amnesty International said today.
New research details how security forces fired live ammunition and teargas directly at protesters and other individuals who posed no imminent threat of death or serious injury. The organization found that security forces used firearms recklessly, injuring and killing bystanders, and abusively deployed tear gas in residential areas and into people’s homes.
The violence that security forces inflicted on protesters and other people who were just going about their daily lives was shocking and unacceptable, and yet another sign of growing intolerance in Tanzania.
Agnès Callamard Amnesty International’s Secretary General
Amid a nationwide internet shutdown, security officials subjected individuals to beatings and other forms of ill-treatment, denied the wounded access to healthcare, arrested some still in need of care, and collected bodies of victims of their brutality from mortuaries, taking them to unknown places.
“The violence that security forces inflicted on protesters and other people who were just going about their daily lives was shocking and unacceptable, and yet another sign of growing intolerance in Tanzania,” said Agnès Callamard, Amnesty International’s Secretary General.
The formation of the commission is the first of many steps that must be followed to deliver accountability. The authorities must now ensure that all investigations are independent, thorough and impartial.
Agnès Callamard
On 14 November, Tanzania’s president announced a commission of inquiry into the killings of protesters. However, civil society members have expressed concerns about its independence.
“The formation of the commission is the first of many steps that must be followed to deliver accountability. The authorities must now ensure that all investigations are independent, thorough and impartial. No one should be shielded from justice: those who ordered, enabled and used unlawful force must be held accountable regardless of their position. Every grieving family deserves answers, justice and the chance to seek reparations. Anything less would be an exercise in whitewashing abuses,” said Agnès Callamard.
Between 3 and 28 November, Amnesty International interviewed 35 people, including survivors of gunshot and teargas canister injuries, eyewitnesses, lawyers assisting arrested protesters and healthcare professionals who treated injured victims, as well as relatives of those killed. Amnesty International’s digital investigations team, the Evidence Lab, verified 26 videos and six photos posted on social media between 2 and 18 November or shared directly with Amnesty International staff by trusted sources.
Tanzanian authorities did not respond to Amnesty’s request for comment.
‘Crows were eating flesh from the dead bodies’
Three healthcare professionals in public hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Mwanza told Amnesty International that hundreds of people with gunshot wounds were admitted for treatment between 29 and 31 October. Most were young men, but the injured also included children and women. They had suffered injuries to the head, groin, legs, neck, stomach, buttocks, back and chest.
Since I started working over 15 years ago, I had never seen something like this. I had never seen so many people shot like this, and so many dead bodies piled up and crows eating their flesh.
Dar based healtcare worker
Healthcare workers from Arusha and Dar es Salam said hundreds of dead bodies were brought to their hospitals, with some left outside due to lack of space in the morgues.
The Evidence Lab verified one video showing at least 70 bodies piled up on the floors and on stretchers in the morgue at Mwananyamala Regional Referral Hospital in Dar es Salaam. It also verified two videos and one photo showing at least 10 bodies piled over three stretchers outside Sekou Toure Region Referral Hospital in Mwanza.
“Since I started working over 15 years ago, I had never seen something like this. I had never seen so many people shot like this, and so many dead bodies piled up and crows eating their flesh,” a Dar es Salaam-based healthcare professional told Amnesty.
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Frames of a video verified by Amnesty International showed at least 70 bodies piled up at Mwananyamala Regional Referral Hospital, in Dar es Salaam.
Frames of a video verified by Amnesty International showed at least 70 bodies piled up at Mwananyamala Regional Referral Hospital, in Dar es Salaam.
Reckless use of firearms and teargas
Maria*, 28, said police shot her husband in Dar es Salaam’s Magomeni area on 29 October 2025 and he died two days later while receiving treatment for internal bleeding.
“The police didn’t launch any teargas. They just used live bullets. They were standing behind the car. After a short while, I came out and heard people shouting, ‘He has killed him, he has killed him.’ I saw from a distance the collar of the shirt of the person lying on the ground and I noticed it was my husband,” she said.
Paulo Kingi*, 46, fled to Kenya after being shot at his home in Goba in Dar es Salaam on 29 October. He recalled seeing armed people, whom he believed to be security officers, driving by his house.
“They aimed and fired; I felt pain on my left lower leg near the ankle. That pain brought me down to the ground, when I touched it, I saw blood oozing out. That’s when I realised, I had been shot. From the ground I could hear more firing,” he said.
Amnesty International received reports that some protesters threw stones, burnt tyres to block roads, damaged government vehicles, set administrative offices ablaze, engaged in acts of vandalism or attended protests holding wooden sticks. However, in the cases the organization documented, protesters or bystanders who did not appear to pose an imminent threat to the lives of police officers or others were targeted with lethal force.
Eyewitnesses told Amnesty International that police and plain-clothed security officers resorted to firing live ammunition without warning to disperse crowds, almost immediately or shortly after using teargas against them.
One witness said that, around noon on 30 October, men in police uniforms threw tear gas canisters into the street near Sirare market and then opened fire in front of a shop, where he was sitting with his friend. They killed the friend on the spot, while he suffered a gunshot wound to the head.
Digital evidence of misuse of lethal force
Amnesty’s Evidence Lab also verified footage indicating the apparent misuse of lethal force. In one video, a woman is among a group of people seen running down a street in Arusha as sounds consistent with gunshots are heard. At one point, the woman who is holding a wooden stick falls, briefly gets up with the help of another person before collapsing again. A small red mark appears on her back, while a larger red stain appears on her chest.
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Frames of a video show the moment when a woman is shot in the chest in Arusha.
Frames of a video show the moment when a woman is shot in the chest in Arusha.
Three other verified videos show her lying motionless on the pavement as more gunshots are heard. In those videos, her top is covered in larger stains consistent with blood on both the back and the front. Another man is seen being carried away, apparently lifeless, bleeding from his head.
A forensic pathologist who reviewed photos provided by a medical source in a hospital in Arusha and a video of an injured man in a street in Dar es Salam concluded that “photographs and videos… of the injured showed compelling evidence of high velocity gunshot wounds, of a type produced by military rifles.”
“Using live ammunition against unarmed protesters and bystanders posing no imminent threat to the lives of others is a blatant violation of the right to life. The evidence is clear: state security officials showed total disregard for people’s lives,” said Agnès Callamard.
Security officers also repeatedly deployed tear gas in an unlawful manner to quash peaceful demonstrations. In other instances, they launched teargas cannisters directly at bystanders or residents in areas affected by protests and the ensuing crackdown.
One witness told Amnesty International that teargas was thrown into his home on 29 October, while his one-month-old baby was present.
Torture and other ill-treatment
Amnesty International verified six videos showing separate incidents near Tabata primary school in Dar es Salaam in which security forces and men dressed in plain clothes carried out acts of torture or other ill-treatment. The victims – all men – were forced to roll over on the ground, crouch-walk, or sit by the side of the road, while being beaten with batons, punched, whipped, kicked or dragged by their limbs.
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Videos show security forces and men dressed in plain clothes forcing men to roll over or crouch-walk while being beaten with batons, whipped or kicked.
Videos show security forces and men dressed in plain clothes forcing men to roll over or crouch-walk while being beaten with batons, whipped or kicked.
Wounded denied adequate healthcare
Tanzanian security forces interfered with injured people’s access to healthcare in some regions. A Dar es Salam-based healthcare professional reported that officers ordered medical staff to hand over at least five severely injured patients who had gunshot wounds, while they were still bleeding, ostensibly for interrogation. The five were wearing the opposition CHADEMA party uniforms or T-shirts. He never saw those patients again.
As per our tradition, since we didn’t find his body, we decided to bury his clothes and picture.
Relative of a victim
Security officers also instructed medical staff to prioritize the treatment of some patients over others and warned medical staff against speaking out or recording what they saw at their hospitals.
One healthcare worker described a heavy police presence in his hospital in Mwanza, with officers instructing nurses to stop treating some of the injured. “They took people who were still breathing and could be saved, to the morgue,” he said.
The healthcare worker said a senior state official came to the hospital on 2 or 3 November and ordered medical staff to place all patients with gunshot wounds in separate wards, where they were to be handcuffed and placed under police watch, stating they would be charged with treason for participating in protests. Amnesty International also received reports that wounded protesters and bystanders either discharged themselves prematurely or avoided medical treatment in hospitals altogether, for fear of arrest.
‘We decided to bury his clothes and picture’
Amnesty International interviewed the families and friends of eight people killed in Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha, Tunduma, Moshi and Mbeya who were unable to find their loved ones’ bodies, even after searching in various morgues, and who fear that security forces took them away to conceal evidence of killings.
They took people who were still breathing and could be saved, to the morgue.
Healthcare worker
Sources who knew Stephano China, 19, whose body was taken to Tunduma Referral Hospital mortuary after he was killed on 29 October, told Amnesty that the following day they went to view his remains, but his body was missing: “They (hospital officials) said police came to carry all the bodies. We couldn’t do anything.”
The family of 38-year-old Daudi Ndone, who was shot and killed in Dar es Salaam’s Mazense area on 29 October, also could not find his body despite frantically searching several mortuaries for over a week. “As per our tradition, since we didn’t find his body, we decided to bury his clothes and picture,” one of his relatives said.
“Even in death, these victims of police brutality cannot rest in peace. Amnesty International calls on the authorities to hand over the remains of all those killed in the protests and their aftermath to their relatives for a decent burial and the necessary rites,” said Agnès Callamard.
Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Darwin warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 15000 ft (4600 m) altitude or flight level 150 and is moving at 05 kts in SE direction. The full report is as follows:
FVAU02 at 23:14 UTC, 18/12/25 from ADRM VA ADVISORY DTG: 20251218/2310Z VAAC: DARWIN VOLCANO: SEMERU 263300 PSN: S0806 E11255 AREA: INDONESIA SOURCE ELEV: 3657M AMSL ADVISORY NR: 2025/1445 INFO SOURCE: CVGHM, HIMAWARI-9, WEBCAM ERUPTION DETAILS: VA TO FL150 LAST REPORTED AT 18/2224Z EST VA DTG: 18/2250Z EST VA CLD: SFC/FL150 S0802 E11245 – S0755 E11257 – S0817 E11334 – S0844 E11257 MOV SE 05KT FCST VA CLD +6 HR: 19/0450Z SFC/FL150 S0804 E11246 – S0757 E11255 – S0819 E11331 – S0842 E11301 FCST VA CLD +12 HR: 19/1050Z SFC/FL150 S0804 E11248 – S0759 E11253 – S0815 E11334 – S0839 E11307 FCST VA CLD +18 HR: 19/1650Z SFC/FL150 S0804 E11247 – S0758 E11252 – S0813 E11336 – S0840 E11313 RMK: VA NOT IDENTIFIABLE ON LATEST SATELLITE IMAGERY DUE TO MET CLOUD. RECENT GROUND REPORTS INDICATE INTERMITTENT DISCRETE EMISSIONS ARE ONGOING. VA HEIGHT AND MOVEMENT BASED ON HIMAWARI-9 SATELLITE IMAGERY, GROUND REPORTS AND MODEL GUIDANCE. NXT ADVISORY: NO LATER THAN 20251219/0510Z=
Canlaon (Central Philippines): The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that the eruption continued at Kanlaon on 17 December 2025 (local). Plume(s) rose to a maximum of 75 m (246 ft) above the vent. The alert level remained at „2 – Moderate Level of Volcanic Unrest“ (level 2 on a 0–5 level scale). Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „2 – Moderate Level of Volcanic Unrest“ (level 2 on a 0–5 level scale)
Taal (Luzon, Philippines): The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that the eruption continued at Taal on 17 December 2025 (local). Plume(s) were reported. The alert level remained at „1 – Low-Level Unrest“ (on a 0–5 level scale). Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „1 – Low-Level Unrest“ (on a 0–5 level scale)
Mayon (Luzon Island, Philippines): The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) reported that unrest continued at Mayon on 17 December 2025 (local). Plume(s) were reported. There were 6 seismically detected rockfalls. The alert level remained at „1 – Abnormal“ (on a 0–5 level scale). Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „1 – Abnormal“ (on a 0–5 level scale)
Telong (northern Sumatra, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Telong, Bur ni on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Karangetang (Siau Island, Sangihe Islands, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Karangetang on 17 December 2025 (local). Gas and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 500 m (1,640 ft) above the vent. There were 5 seismically detected rockfalls. The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Activity also included: audible sounds (e.g., booms, rumbling). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Raung (East Java): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Raung on 17 December 2025 (local). Gas and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 300 m (984 ft) above the vent. The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Ibu (Halmahera, Indonesia): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Darwin (VAAC) issued the following report: VA LAST REPORTED AT 18/1526Z MOV NE EST VA DTG:18/1600Z …18 Dec: The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Ibu on 17 December 2025 (local). Ash and gas plume(s) rose to a maximum of 800 m (2,625 ft) above the vent. There were 102 seismically detected explosions reported. The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Sangeang Api (Flores Sea, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Sangeang Api on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Talang (Sumatra): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Talang on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Lewotobi (Flores): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Lewotobi (Laki-Laki) on 17 December 2025 (local). Gas and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 300 m (984 ft) above the vent. The alert level remained at „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale)
Soputan (North Sulawesi, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Soputan on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Lewotolo (Lesser Sunda Islands): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Lewotolok on 17 December 2025 (local). Gas and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 50 m (164 ft) above the vent. There were 66 seismically detected explosions reported. The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Merapi (Central Java, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Merapi on 17 December 2025 (local). There were 6 hot rockfalls, traveling up to 1,800 m. There were 87 seismically detected rockfalls. The alert level remained at „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale)
Semeru (East Java, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Semeru on 17 December 2025 (local). Ash and gas plume(s) rose to a maximum of 500 m (1,640 ft) above the vent. There were 123 seismically detected explosions reported. There were 3 seismically detected rockfalls. The alert level remained at „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 3 – Standby“ (on a 4-level scale)
Marapi (Western Sumatra, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Marapi on 17 December 2025 (local). Gas and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 150 m (492 ft) above the vent. The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Dukono (Halmahera): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that the eruption continued at Dukono on 17 December 2025 (local). Ash and gas plume(s) rose to a maximum of 700 m (2,297 ft) above the vent. The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Kerinci (Sumatra): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Kerinci on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Iliwerung (Lesser Sunda Islands): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Iliwerung on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Lokon-Empung (North Sulawesi, Indonesia): The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) reported that unrest continued at Lokon-Empung on 17 December 2025 (local). Gas and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 25 m (82 ft) above the vent. The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale). Source: Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard/Pusat Vulkanologi dan Mitigasi Bencana Geologi (CVGHM/PVMBG) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Alert“ (on a 4-level scale)
Kilauea (Hawai’i): The United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS-HVO) reported that the eruption continued at Kilauea on 17 December 2025 (local). Intermittent glow was observed at the south vent. No glow was detected at the north vent, likely due to the continued low visibility conditions overnight. The alert level remained at „Watch“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Source: United States Geological Survey – Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS-HVO) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Watch“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale)
Shishaldin (Aleutian Islands, Alaska): The United States Geological Survey – Alaska Volcano Observatory (USGS-AVO) reported that unrest continued at Shishaldin between 16 December 2025 (local) and 17 December 2025 (local). A small steam/vapor plume was observed rising above the summit in webcam images from 16–17 December. The alert level remained at „Advisory“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Yellow“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). Source: United States Geological Survey – Alaska Volcano Observatory (USGS-AVO) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Advisory“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale)
Great Sitkin (United States, Aleutian Islands): The United States Geological Survey – Alaska Volcano Observatory (USGS-AVO) reported that the eruption continued at Great Sitkin between 16 December 2025 (local) and 17 December 2025 (local). Satellite imagery from 16–17 December showed slightly elevated surface temperatures associated with the active lava flow. Lava continued to slowly erupt in the summit crater. The alert level remained at „Watch“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Source: United States Geological Survey – Alaska Volcano Observatory (USGS-AVO) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Watch“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale)
Popocatépetl (Central Mexico): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 20000 ft (6100 m) altitude or flight level 200 . The full report is as follows: VA EMS OBS to 20000 ft (6100 m) …18 Dec: The Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) reported that the eruption continued at Popocatépetl between 16 December 2025 (local) and 17 December 2025 (local). Ash, gas, and vapor plume(s) were reported. The alert level remained at „Yellow Alert – Phase 2“ (level 4 on a 7-level scale). Source: Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres (CENAPRED) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Yellow Alert – Phase 2“ (level 4 on a 7-level scale)
Santiaguito (Guatemala): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 14000 ft (4300 m) altitude or flight level 140 . The full report is as follows: LGT VA EMS OBS to 14000 ft (4300 m) …18 Dec: The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported that the eruption continued at Santa María between 16 December 2025 (local) and 17 December 2025 (local). Ash plume(s) rose to a maximum of 900 m (2,953 ft) above the vent. Gas and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 500 m (1,640 ft) above the vent. Crater glow was observed during the early morning and nighttime hours. There were explosions reported, occurring at a rate of up to 3 per hour. Ash fall was reported in San Marcos Palajunoj, Santa Anita, and Loma Linda. There were incandescent rockfalls. Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: unavailable or not collected
Fuego (Guatemala): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: VA EMS PSBL …18 Dec: The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) reported that the eruption continued at Fuego between 16 December 2025 (local) and 17 December 2025 (local). Ash and gas plume(s) rose to a maximum of 837 m (2,746 ft) above the vent. Gas and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 300 m (984 ft) above the vent. Incandescent material was ejected in pulses up to 200 m above the vent, resulting in the crater area being covered with incandescent rock fragments. There were explosions reported, occurring at a rate of up to 12 per hour. Fine ash fall was reported in Yepocapa, Panimaché I and II, and Morelia. There were incandescent rockfalls. Activity also included: audible sounds (e.g., booms, rumbling). Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: unavailable or not collected
Turrialba (Costa Rica): The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that unrest continued at Turrialba on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale). Source: Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale)
Rincón de la Vieja (Costa Rica): The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that unrest continued at Rincón de la Vieja on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Yellow“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). Source: Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale)
Poas (Costa Rica): The Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) reported that the eruption continued at Poás on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale). The aviation alert level remained at „Yellow“ (level 2 on a 4-level scale). Source: Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica – Universidad Nacional (OVSICORI-UNA) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Level 2 – Warning“ (on a 0–4 level scale)
Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: NO VA EMS OBSD
Puracé (Colombia): Explosive activity continues. Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) Washington warned about a volcanic ash plume that rose up to estimated 21000 ft (6400 m) altitude or flight level 210 . The full report is as follows: LGT VA EMS OBS to 21000 ft (6400 m) …18 Dec: The Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) reported that the eruption continued at Puracé on 17 December 2025 (local). The alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Source: Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale)
Sangay (Ecuador): The Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that the eruption continued at Sangay between 16 December 2025 (local) and 17 December 2025 (local). Ash and gas plume(s) rose to a maximum of 800 m (2,625 ft) above the vent. There were 254 seismically detected explosions reported. The alert level remained at „2 – Yellow“ (on a 4-level scale). Activity also included: thermal anomaly(ies). Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „2 – Yellow“ (on a 4-level scale)
Reventador (Ecuador): Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Washington (VAAC) issued the following report: VA EMS PSBL …18 Dec: The Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) reported that the eruption continued at Reventador between 16 December 2025 (local) and 17 December 2025 (local). Ash and gas plume(s) rose to a maximum of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the vent. Seismicity was not recorded due to technical issues. The alert level remained at „3 – Orange“ (on a 4-level scale). Activity also included: thermal anomaly(ies). Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „3 – Orange“ (on a 4-level scale)
Sabancaya (Peru): The Centro Vulcanológico Nacional del Instituto Geofísico del Perú (CENVUL-IGP) reported that the eruption continued at Sabancaya between 16 December 2025 (local) and 17 December 2025 (local). Ash, gas, and vapor plume(s) rose to a maximum of 1,300 m (4,265 ft) above the vent. There was 1 explosion reported. A total of 9 earthquakes related to the movement of magma and gases were recorded. The alert level remained at „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale). Activity also included: thermal anomaly(ies). Source: Centro Vulcanológico Nacional del Instituto Geofísico del Perú (CENVUL-IGP) … [read more] … [show less] Current Alerts: Observatory alert level: „Orange“ (level 3 on a 4-level scale)
